Presence of focal usual interstitial pneumonia is a key prognostic factor in progressive pulmonary fibrosis.

AIMS: Progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) is a newly recognised clinical phenotype of interstitial lung diseases in the 2022 interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) guidelines. This category is based entirely on clinical and radiological factors, and the background histopathology is unknown. Our objective was to investigate the histopathological characteristics of PPF and to examine the correlation between usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and prognosis in this new disease type. We hypothesised that the presence of UIP-like fibrosis predicts patients' survival in PPF cases. METHODS AND RESULTS: We selected 201 cases fulfilling the clinical criteria of PPF from case archives. Cases diagnosed as IPF by a multidisciplinary team were excluded. Whole slide images were evaluated by three pathologists who were blinded to clinical and radiological data. We measured areas of UIP-like fibrosis and calculated what percentage of the total lesion area they occupied. The presence of focal UIP-like fibrosis amounting to 10% or more of the lesion area was seen in 148 (73.6%), 168 (83.6%) and 165 (82.1%) cases for each pathologist, respectively. Agreement of the recognition of UIP-like fibrosis in PPF cases was above κ = 0.6 between all pairs. Survival analysis showed that the presence of focal UIP-like fibrosis correlated with worsened survival under all parameters tested (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of UIP-like fibrosis is a core pathological feature of clinical PPF, and its presence within diseased areas is associated with poorer prognosis. This study highlights the importance of considering the presence of focal UIP-like fibrosis in the evaluation and management of PPF.

Effectiveness of intravenous methylprednisolone pulse in patients with severe microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two different intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) pulse doses in patients with severe microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). METHODS: We emulated a target trial using observational data from the nationwide registry in Japan. Patients with severe glomerulonephritis or diffuse alveolar haemorrhage were selected and pseudo-randomised into three groups using propensity score-based overlap weighting as follows: non-IVMP, IVMP 0.5 g/day, and IVMP 1.0 g/day. The primary outcome was all-cause death, and the secondary outcomes were composite all-cause death and kidney failure, severe relapse, and serious infection from 2 to 48 weeks after treatment initiation. To estimate the treatment effects, the Cox proportional hazard model and Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard model were used. RESULTS: In this emulated target trial, of 201 eligible patients (MPA, 175; GPA, 26), 6 (2.8%) died, 4 (2.0%) had kidney failure, 11 (5.3%) had severe relapse, and 40 (19.8%) had severe infections. Hazard ratios (HR) for IVMP 0.5 g/day and IVMP 1.0 g/day pulse groups compared with non-IVMP pulse were as follows: all-cause death = 0.46 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.07-2.81) and 0.07 (95%CI: 0.01-0.41); all-cause death/kidney failure = 1.18 (95%CI: 0.26-5.31) and 0.59 (95%CI: 0.08-4.52); subdistribution HRs for severe relapse = 1.26 (95%CI: 0.12-13.70) and 3.36 (95%CI: 0.49-23.29); and serious infection = 1.88 (95%CI: 0.76-4.65) and 0.94 (95%CI: 0.28-3.13). CONCLUSIONS: IVMP 1.0 g/day pulse may improve 48-week mortality in patients with severe MPA/GPA.

Agreement between local and central anti-synthetase antibodies detection: results from the Classification Criteria of Anti-Synthetase Syndrome project biobank.

OBJECTIVES: The CLASS (Classification Criteria of Anti-Synthetase Syndrome) project is a large international multicentre study that aims to create the first data-driven anti-synthetase syndrome (ASSD) classification criteria. Identifying anti-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase antibodies (anti-ARS) is crucial for diagnosis, and several commercial immunoassays are now available for this purpose. However, using these assays risks yielding false-positive or false-negative results, potentially leading to misdiagnosis. The established reference standard for detecting anti-ARS is immunoprecipitation (IP), typically employed in research rather than routine autoantibody testing. We gathered samples from participating centers and results from local anti-ARS testing. As an "ad-interim" study within the CLASS project, we aimed to assess how local immunoassays perform in real-world settings compared to our central definition of anti-ARS positivity. METHODS: We collected 787 serum samples from participating centres for the CLASS project and their local anti-ARS test results. These samples underwent initial central testing using RNA-IP. Following this, the specificity of ARS was reconfirmed centrally through ELISA, line-blot assay (LIA), and, in cases of conflicting results, protein-IP. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and positive and negative predictive values were evaluated. We also calculated the inter-rater agreement between central and local results using a weighted κ co-efficient. RESULTS: Our analysis demonstrates that local, real-world detection of anti-Jo1 is reliable with high sensitivity and specificity with a very good level of agreement with our central definition of anti-Jo1 antibody positivity. However, the agreement between local immunoassay and central determination of anti-non-Jo1 antibodies varied, especially among results obtained using local LIA, ELISA and "other" methods. CONCLUSIONS: Our study evaluates the performance of real-world identification of anti-synthetase antibodies in a large cohort of multi-national patients with ASSD and controls. Our analysis reinforces the reliability of real-world anti-Jo1 detection methods. In contrast, challenges persist for anti-non-Jo1 identification, particularly anti-PL7 and rarer antibodies such as anti-OJ/KS. Clinicians should exercise caution when interpreting anti-synthetase antibodies, especially when commercial immunoassays test positive for non-anti-Jo1 antibodies.

Mild elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance predicts mortality regardless of mean pulmonary artery pressure in mild interstitial lung disease.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined by elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) reflects pulmonary vascular abnormalities. The clinical significance of non-severe PH in patients with various interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of MPAP and PVR for mortality in patients with newly diagnosed ILD. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed consecutive patients with ILD at initial evaluations that included right heart catheterisation from 2007 to 2018. These patients were classified by MPAP and PVR using the 2022 the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/the European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines for PH. The clinical significance of MPAP and PVR for mortality was analysed. RESULTS: Among 854 patients, 167 (19.6%) had MPAP>20 mm Hg. The proportion of patients with PVR>2 Wood units (WU) among those with MPAP≤20 mm Hg, 202 WU was associated with a higher mortality rate (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.02, p<0.0001) even in a group with MPAP≤20 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: Mild elevation of PVR was associated with a higher mortality rate in patients with newly diagnosed ILD, even in those with MPAP≤20 mm Hg.

Disease progression and changes in KL-6 in patients with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the annual change in Krebs von Lungen-6 (KL-6) and its correlation with forced vital capacity (FVC) in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (lcSSc-ILD). We aimed to clarify the correlation during the clinical course. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from consecutive patients with lcSSc-ILD. We measured FVC and KL-6 annually and calculated their annual changes using the difference in absolute values. Decline in FVC was defined as annual decline in FVC ≥5 %. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients with SSc-ILD were included. The median age was 62 years and 58 % were female. The median FVC was 87.3 % and the median KL-6 was 1629 U/ml. The median observation period was 55.2 months and the annual changes in FVC and KL-6 were evaluated 151 times simultaneously. The annual change in KL-6 had a significant negative correlation with that in FVC in the first year from the initial evaluation (from the baseline to one-year follow-up) (r = -0.819, p < 0.01), but not after the first year. In the multivariable analysis adjusted by age, sex, and FVC at each year, the annual change of KL-6 (per 100 U/ml) was significantly associated with decline in FVC in the first year (odds ratio: 3.03, 95 % confidence interval: 1.21-7.59, p = 0.02), but not after the first year. CONCLUSIONS: Only in the first year from the initial evaluation, there was negative correlation between the annual change in FVC and that in KL-6 and the annual elevation in KL-6 was associated with decline in FVC in patients with lcSSc-ILD.

Prognostic Role of Interferon-λ3 in Anti-Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5-Positive Dermatomyositis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Interferon-λ3 (IFNλ3) is a cytokine with antiviral functions on barrier surfaces, and it is associated with disease activity in autoimmune diseases. This study assessed the clinical significance of serum IFNλ3 levels in polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM)-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD). METHODS: We measured serum IFNλ3 levels in 221 patients with PM/DM-ILD (155 in the derivation cohort, 66 in the validation cohort) and 38 controls. We evaluated factors associated with mortality risk among 79 patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive DM-ILD. RESULTS: Serum IFNλ3 levels at diagnosis were significantly higher in patients with PM/DM-ILD than in healthy controls. Remarkably, serum IFNλ3 levels were specifically increased in patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM-ILD in both the derivation and validation cohorts. In anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM-ILD, patients with high IFNλ3 levels (>120 pg/mL) had significantly lower survival rates than those with low IFNλ3 levels (≤120 pg/mL). A multivariate analysis revealed that high IFNλ3 levels, as well as old age and low Pao2, were significantly associated with poor prognoses in patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM-ILD. In a classification analysis of patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM-ILD based on age, IFNλ3 level, and Pao2, patients with old age (>53 years), high IFNλ3 levels (>120 pg/mL), and low Pao2 (<75 mm Hg) had the worst survival. In lung pathologic analyses, IFNλ3-positive staining was observed in macrophages, airway epithelial cells, the pleural region, and intrapulmonary veins in patients with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM-ILD. CONCLUSION: Serum IFNλ3 is a promising biomarker for identifying patients at high risk of poor outcomes in anti-MDA5 antibody-positive DM-ILD.

Physical activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Longitudinal change and minimal clinically important difference.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Reference values of physical activity to interpret longitudinal changes are not available in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study aimed to define the minimal clinical important difference (MCID) of longitudinal changes in physical activity in patients with IPF. METHODS: Using accelerometry, physical activity (steps per day) was measured and compared at baseline and 6-months follow-up in patients with IPF. We calculated MCID of daily step count using multiple anchor-based and distribution-based methods. Forced vital capacity and 6-minute walk distance were applied as anchors in anchor-based methods. Effect size and standard error of measurement were used to calculate MCID in distribution-based methods. RESULTS: One-hundred and five patients were enrolled in the study (mean age: 68.5 ± 7.5 years). Step count significantly decreased from baseline to 6-months follow-up (-461 ± 2402, p = .031). MCID calculated by anchor-based and distribution-based methods ranged from 570-1358 steps. CONCLUSION: Daily step count significantly declined over 6-months in patients with IPF. MCID calculated by multiple anchor-based and distribution-based methods was 570 to 1358 steps/day. These findings contribute to interpretation of the longitudinal changes of physical activity that will assist its use as a clinical and research outcome in patients with IPF.

A prospective cohort study of periostin as a serum biomarker in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated with nintedanib.

This study investigated the utility of periostin, a matricellular protein, as a prognostic biomarker in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) who received nintedanib. Monomeric and total periostin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 87 eligible patients who participated in a multicenter prospective study. Forty-three antifibrotic drug-naive patients with IPF described in previous studies were set as historical controls. Monomeric and total periostin levels were not significantly associated with the change in forced vital capacity (FVC) or diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) during any follow-up period. Higher monomeric and total periostin levels were independent risk factors for overall survival in the Cox proportional hazard model. In the analysis of nintedanib effectiveness, higher binarized monomeric periostin levels were associated with more favorable suppressive effects on decreased vital capacity (VC) and DLCO in the treatment group compared with historical controls. Higher binarized levels of total periostin were associated with more favorable suppressive effects on decreased DLCO but not VC. In conclusion, higher periostin levels were independently associated with survival and better therapeutic effectiveness in patients with IPF treated with nintedanib. Periostin assessments may contribute to determining therapeutic strategies for patients with IPF.

Optimal Dose of Intravenous Cyclophosphamide during remission induction therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a retrospective cohort study of J-CANVAS.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the optimal dose of intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) for induction therapy for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS: We retrospectively assessed patients with AAV who received IVCY every 2-3 weeks during the remission induction phase. The associations of the IVCY dose with infection-free survival and relapse-free survival were analysed using a Cox regression model. We compared patients in three categories: very low-dose (VLD), low-dose (LD), and conventional dose (CD) (<7.5 mg/kg, 7.5-12.5 mg/kg, and >12.5 mg/kg, respectively). The non-linear association between IVCY dose and the outcomes were also evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 80 patients (median age 72 years), 12, 42, and 26 underwent the VLD, LD, and CD regimens, respectively, of whom 4, 3, and 7 developed infection or died. The adjusted hazard ratios for infection or death were 4.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-19.8) for VLD and 5.1 (95% CI 1.21-21.3) for CD, compared with LD. We found the hazard ratio for infection or death increased when the initial IVCY dose exceeded 9 mg/kg. Relapse-free survival did not differ clearly. CONCLUSION: Low-dose IVCY (7.5-12.5 mg/kg) may result in fewer infections and similar relapse rates compared with the conventional regimen (>12.5 mg/kg).

Changes in patient-reported outcomes in patients with non-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibrotic interstitial lung disease and progressive pulmonary fibrosis.

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) captures different aspects of the fibrotic interstitial lung disease (FILD) evaluation from the patient's perspective. However, little is known about how HRQoL changes in patients with non-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) FILD, especially in those with progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF). The aim of this study is to clarify whether HRQoL deteriorates in patients with non-IPF FILD and to evaluate the differences in the changes in HRQoL between those with and without PPF. Methods: We collected data from consecutive patients with non-IPF FILD and compared annual changes in HRQoL over 2 years between patients with PPF and those without. The St George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) and COPD assessment test (CAT) were used to assess HRQoL. Changes in the SGRQ and CAT scores for 24 months from baseline were evaluated with a mixed-effect model for repeated measures. Results: A total of 396 patients with non-IPF FILD were reviewed. The median age was 65 years and 202 were male (51.0%). The median SGRQ and CAT scores were 29.6 and 11, respectively. Eighty-six (21.7%) showed PPF. Both SGRQ and CAT scores were significantly deteriorated in patients with PPF compared to those without PPF (p < 0.01 for both). Clinically important deterioration in the SGRQ and CAT scores were observed in 40.0 and 35.7% of patients with PPF and 11.7 and 16.7% of those without, respectively. PPF was significantly associated with clinically important deterioration in the SGRQ score (odds ratio 5.04; 95%CI, 2.61-9.76, p < 0.01) and CAT score (odds ratio 2.78; 95%CI, 1.27-6.06, p = 0.02). Conclusion: The SGRQ and CAT scores were significantly deteriorated in patients with non-IPF FILD and PPF. Considering an evaluation of HRQoL would be needed when assessing PPF.

Seasonal Influence on Development of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study Conducted at Multiple Institutions in Japan (J-CANVAS).

OBJECTIVE: To clarify seasonal and other environmental effects on the onset of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS: We enrolled patients with new-onset eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) registered in the database of a Japanese multicenter cohort study. We investigated the relationship between environmental factors and clinical characteristics. Seasons were divided into 4 (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), and the seasonal differences in AAV onset were analyzed using Pearson chi-square test, with an expected probability of 25% for each season. RESULTS: A total of 454 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 70.9 years and a female proportion of 55.5%. Overall, 74, 291, and 89 patients were classified as having EGPA, MPA, and GPA, respectively. Positivity for myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA and proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA was observed in 355 and 46 patients, respectively. Overall, the seasonality of AAV onset significantly deviated from the expected 25% for each season (P = 0.001), and its onset was less frequently observed in autumn. In ANCA serotypes, seasonality was significant in patients with MPO-ANCA (P < 0.001), but not in those with PR3-ANCA (P = 0.97). Additionally, rural residency of patients with AAV was associated with PR3-ANCA positivity and biopsy-proven pulmonary vasculitis. CONCLUSION: The onset of AAV was influenced by seasonal variations and was less frequently observed in autumn. In contrast, the occurrence of PR3-ANCA was triggered, not by season, but by rural residency.

Effect of the 2020 hypersensitivity pneumonitis guideline on the pathologic diagnosis of interstitial pneumonia.

It was reported that the 2020 guideline for hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) might result in the overdiagnosis of fibrotic HP (fHP). fHP and other types of interstitial pneumonias have several overlapping characteristics, and a high diagnostic concordance rate of fHP is rarely obtained. Therefore, we investigated the impact of the 2020 HP guideline on the pathological diagnosis of cases previously diagnosed as interstitial pneumonia. We identified 289 fibrotic interstitial pneumonia cases from 2014 to 2019 and classified them into four categories according to the 2020 HP guideline: typical, probable, and indeterminate for fHP and alternative diagnosis. The original pathological diagnosis of 217 cases were compared to their classification as either typical, probable, or indeterminate for fHP according to the 2020 guideline. The clinical data, including serum data and pulmonary function tests, were compared among the groups. Diagnoses changed from non-fHP to fHP for 54 (25%) of the 217 cases, of which, 8 were typical fHP and 46 were probable fHP. The ratio of typical and probable fHP cases to the total number of VATS cases was significantly lower when using transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (p < 0.001). The clinical data of these cases bore a more remarkable resemblance to those diagnosed as indeterminate for fHP than to those diagnosed as typical or probable. The pathological criteria in the new HP guidelines increase the diagnosis of fHP. However, it is unclear whether this increase leads to overdiagnosis, and requires further investigation. Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy may not be helpful when using the new criteria to impart findings for fHP diagnosis.

Role of rituximab in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: A literature review.

This literature review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of rituximab (RTX) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). PubMed was searched for articles, published through 31 March 2022, on any controlled studies using RTX in the treatment of SSc. Of 85 identified articles, 9 were selected by title/abstract screening and full text examination. All nine articles reported outcomes of forced vital capacity (%FVC), and seven reported those of modified Rodnan skin scores (mRSS). The results showed that among the seven controlled studies evaluating skin lesions in patients with SSc, four showed a significant improvement of mRSS by RTX when compared with a control group, whereas three showed no significant effect. Among the nine controlled studies evaluating lung lesions, five showed a significant improvement of %FVC compared with a control group, whereas four showed no significant effect. In conclusion, RTX may be effective in the treatment of skin and lung lesions in patients with SSc. The profiles of SSc patients for whom RTX was indicated were unclear, although patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc and those positive for anti-topoisomerase I antibody were considered potential targets. Additional studies are needed to assess the long-term effectiveness of RTX in the treatment of patients with SSc.

Real-World Experience of the Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in High-Risk Patients with COVID-19 in a Community Setting.

Molnupiravir (MOV) and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NMV/r) are efficacious oral antiviral agents for patients with the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19). However, little is known about their effectiveness in older adults and those at high risk of disease progression. This retrospective single-center observational study assessed and compared the outcomes of COVID-19 treated with MOV and NMV/r in a real-world community setting. We included patients with confirmed COVID-19 combined with one or more risk factors for disease progression from June to October 2022. Of 283 patients, 79.9% received MOV and 20.1% NMV/r. The mean patient age was 71.7 years, 56.5% were men, and 71.7% had received ≥3 doses of vaccine. COVID-19-related hospitalization (2.8% and 3.5%, respectively; p = 0.978) or death (0.4% and 3.5%, respectively; p = 0.104) did not differ significantly between the MOV and NMV/r groups. The incidence of adverse events was 2.7% and 5.3%, and the incidence of treatment discontinuation was 2.7% and 5.3% in the MOV and NMV/r groups, respectively. The real-world effectiveness of MOV and NMV/r was similar among older adults and those at high risk of disease progression. The incidence of hospitalization or death was low.

Association between hypogammaglobulinaemia and severe infections during induction therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis: from J-CANVAS study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between decreased serum IgG levels caused by remission-induction immunosuppressive therapy of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) and the development of severe infections. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with new-onset or severe relapsing AAV enrolled in the J-CANVAS registry, which was established at 24 referral sites in Japan. The minimum serum IgG levels up to 24 weeks and the incidence of severe infection up to 48 weeks after treatment initiation were evaluated. After multiple imputations for all explanatory variables, we performed the multivariate analysis using a Fine-Gray model to assess the association between low IgG (the minimum IgG levels <500 mg/dl) and severe infections. In addition, the association was expressed as a restricted cubic spline (RCS) and analysed by treatment subgroups. RESULTS: Of 657 included patients (microscopic polyangiitis, 392; granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 139; eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 126), 111 (16.9%) developed severe infections. The minimum serum IgG levels were measured in 510 patients, of whom 77 (15.1%) had low IgG. After multiple imputations, the confounder-adjusted hazard ratio of low IgG for the incidence of severe infections was 1.75 (95% confidence interval: 1.03-3.00). The RCS revealed a U-shaped association between serum IgG levels and the incidence of severe infection with serum IgG 946 mg/dl as the lowest point. Subgroup analysis showed no obvious heterogeneity between treatment regimens. CONCLUSION: Regardless of treatment regimens, low IgG after remission-induction treatment was associated with the development of severe infections up to 48 weeks after treatment initiation.

Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features and histologic usual interstitial pneumonia treated with anti-fibrotic versus immunosuppressive therapy.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic strategies in patients with interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) and histological usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern (IPAF-UIP) have not been thoroughly evaluated. We compared the therapeutic efficacy of anti-fibrotic therapy with that of immunosuppressive treatment for patients with IPAF-UIP. METHODS: In this retrospective case series, we identified consecutive IPAF-UIP patients treated with anti-fibrotic therapy or immunosuppressive therapy. Clinical characteristics, one-year treatment response, acute exacerbation, and survival were studied. We performed a stratified analysis by the pathological presence or absence of inflammatory cell infiltration. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients with anti-fibrotic therapy and 29 with immunosuppressive treatment were included. There was a significant difference in one-year forced vital capacity (FVC) change between patients with anti-fibrotic treatment (4 in 27 improved, 12 stable, and 11 worsened) and those with immunosuppressive treatment (16 in 29 improved, eight stable, and five worsened) (p = 0.006). There was also a significant difference in one-year St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) change between patients with anti-fibrotic therapy (2 in 27 improved, ten stable, and 15 worsened) and those with immunosuppressive treatment (14 in 29 improved, 12 stable, and worsened) (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in survival between the groups (p = 0.32). However, in the subgroup with histological inflammatory cell infiltration, survival was significantly better with immunosuppressive therapy (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: In IPAF-UIP, immunosuppressive therapy seemed to be superior to anti-fibrotic treatment in terms of therapeutic response, and provided better outcomes in the histological inflammatory subgroup. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the therapeutic strategy in IPAF-UIP.

Sensitivity of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy in the diagnosis of different interstitial lung diseases.

The accuracy of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) in each disease for pathological and multidisciplinary discussion (MDD) diagnosis is not yet established. METHOD: We investigated 431 patients who were classified by MDD diagnosis and were grouped into the disease categories. For each category or disease, we used TBLC samples to calculate the sensitivities of the pathological diagnosis compared with MDD diagnoses. Further, we compared these sensitivities to pathological diagnoses with all clinical/radiological information. RESULT: The sensitivity for diagnosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIPs) with TBLC was higher than connective tissue disease associated ILD (CTD-ILD). Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (iNSIP), fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and some CTD-ILDs were diagnosed with lower sensitivities compared to IPF. The sensitivity of pathological diagnosis with all clinical/radiological information in IPF was higher than in iNSIP, but not significantly different from other diseases. The overall sensitivity of the pathological diagnosis with clinical/radiological information was 69.0%, significantly higher than without clinical/radiological information. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of pathological diagnosis with TBLC was low for some diseases except IPF. The addition of all clinical/radiological information increased the sensitivity of pathology diagnosis by TBLC, which was no less sensitive than IPF for all diseases except iNSIP.